Hate Crimes, By Nelson Mandela - 1393 Words

Hate crimes consist of actions done against individuals or groups of people as a result of prejudice attitudes. These prejudices are based on race, religion, ethnicity or sexual orientation. Some crimes even go so far as to display actions against gender or physical and mental abilities (McDevitt, J., Levin, J., Bennett, S, 2002). As Nelson Mandela stated, a hateful attitude against others must be learned (Brainz, n.d.). Hate crimes are a learned attitude of prejudice against others because of their differences. Additionally, research shows that hate crimes not only occur because of external and internal reasons, but also because an individual or group of people feel the need to satisfy their thrill seeking drives. INTERNAL REASONS TO COMMIT HATE CRIMES People are known to commit hate crimes because of internal reasons (Forscher, Cox, Graetz Devine, 2015). Many times the perpetrators solely believe their view is correct, and act on their beliefs in violent manners to enforce their opinions. Personal values are often one of the reasons to express prejudice, such as mission offenders who intend to heal the world of any evil. In our world today, 70 percent of all hate crimes are related to race (Perry, 2002). Perry (2002) mentions that she sees racially motivated violence as a common way to prove racial identity compared to the victim. Society is still acting on the idea that white people have more privileges than those of different origins. Our society has grown up with,Show MoreRelatedShort Summary Of Nelson Mandela s Long Walk On Freedom 2483 Words   |  10 PagesElon Fiol May 13, 2015 â€Å"Long Walk to Freedom† â€Å"I hate race discrimination most intensely and in all its manifestations. I have fought it all during my life; I fight it now, and will do so until the end of my days.† Nelson Mandela. He was birthed into greatness and it is safe to say that he was a publicly acclaimed leader for his great efforts during the Apartheid in South Africa. Many would identify a leader in many ways but, the most important aspect of leadership is toRead MoreAfrican People s Fight For Independence And Racial Equality Essay1240 Words   |  5 Pagesespecially to distinguish it as inferior or superior to another race or races. Nelson Mandela an iconic figure for the black movement once said â€Å"No one is born hating another person because of the color of his skin, or his background, or his religion. People must learn to hate, and if they can learn to hate, they can be taught to love, for love comes more naturally to the human heart than its opposite.† Nelson Mandela, was at the forefront of the South African people s fight for independence andRead MoreRacial Discrimination, a Long History1590 Words   |  7 Pagestreated unfairly because of their race, color, descent, national or ethnic origin. Although racial discrimination is clearly decreasing now, it has been a long problem in social history. Racial Discrimination is manifested through different unlawful crimes such as death, torture, teasing and killing. It has been a controversial issue in world societies for many years and has caused many disagreements as well as violent conflicts toward against many different social and ethnic groups throughout historyRead MoreCivil Disobedience, By Henry David Thoreau1650 Words   |  7 Pagesevery sense to incur the penalty of disobedience to the State than it would to obey. I should feel as if I were worth less in that case† (Thoreau, 1849). Thoreau’s ideas inspired Gandhi to lead a nonviolent rebellion against the British in India, Mandela to lead a reb ellion against South African Apartheid, and Martin Luther King, Jr., to lead the Civil Rights Movement in the U.S. And although the controlling forces often continued to control for years, the resisters gained strength in their resistanceRead More Peter Tosh and Nelson Mandela Fighting from Opposite Corners4125 Words   |  17 PagesPeter Tosh and Nelson Mandela Fighting from Opposite Corners The Prize: Equal Rights Peter Tosh and Nelson Mandela are two men who dedicated their lives to fight for equal rights. They are united by common goals but walked on different paths in their struggles against the oppressors. The major commonality, which made both men brilliant leaders and revolutionary thinkers, was their passion. The passion they had for their beliefs and turning their visions into reality. Tosh and Mandela’sRead MoreThe s Message Of Hope And Salvation1225 Words   |  5 PagesMany social issues leave cause for concern, however, the church’s message of hope and salvation in Jesus should not be lost amid the immoral social issues and behaviors in the world today. Social problems like racism, unemployment, starvation, and crime are not new phenomenon. They did not just start in the year 2016. This paper will address two questions that are prevalent in today’s culture. The first is, â€Å"What are the short-comings of official criminal statistics?† The second is also quiteRead MoreRacism : Nelson Mandela, Former President Of South Africa1523 Words   |  7 Pages​Nelson Mandela, Former President of South Africa, once said, â€Å"No one is born hating another person because of the color of his skin, his background, or his religion. People learn to hate, and if they can learn to hate, they can be taught to love, for love comes more naturally to the human heart than its opposite† (Nelson Mandela Museum). Racism has been at the forefront of debates since the Nineteenth century and has spread throughout the United States, creating outrage, violence, and politicalRead MoreCry, The Beloved Country By Alan Paton Reconciliation981 Words   |  4 Pagescharacters, as they try to come to terms with events. Stephen Kumalo, the reverend from the small village Ndotsheni, experiences internal strife as he discovers the endeavors of his son, Absalom. He cannot fathom his son’s motives for committing petty crimes and eventually murdering a man especially because of the way he brought Absalom up. He holds himself partially responsible for fractured family and his son leaving the village to go to Johannesburg. The meeting with the girl his son loves initiatesRead MorePersuasive Essay On Racism1654 Words   |  7 Pagesstockbroker who’s sniffing cocaine.† Not only do we have to worry about police bru tality but also hate crimes. Nearly half of all hate crimes in America have to do with race. According to the Federal Bureau of Investigation, 47% of hate crimes are racially motivated. Second place, a tie between religion and sexual orientation, doesn’t even come close, accounting for 19% of hate crimes. There are hate groups, such as the Ku Klux Klan are extremist networks very often motivated by race. White supremacyRead MoreThe Homelessness Epidemic842 Words   |  3 PagesFrom the wise words of Nelson Mandela â€Å"No one is born hating another person, for love comes more naturally to the human heart than its opposite.† Discrimination is an on going controversial issue, which can range from status of class, based on gender, color of one’s skin, and almost every group there is possible. Across America, we’re all classified by at least a category, and social class happens to be one of them. The homeless, being the lowest class is often looked down on. According to preliminary

Comparison of Presidents Ford and Carter - 1789 Words

President Richard Nixon’s Watergate incident and resignation in August of 1974 left the nation feeling skeptic toward the national government. Gerald Ford, who was not elected by the public, took the oath of office and became the 38th president of the United States. President Ford, coined with a repugnant image in both the eyes of the public and the media, was defeated by 56 electoral votes in the election of 1976. Jimmy Carter managed to receive similar distasteful images by the end of his single term as well. Although there were similarities between Ford and Carter, the two presidents were different in terms of previous experience, domestic policies, and foreign affairs. Presidents Ford and Carter had mostly different experiences before†¦show more content†¦Carter vetoed a public works package in 1978 in retaliation. Without mutual respect within the branches of the government, compromises and agreements for the domestic issues are hard to reach. The hostility betwe en the two branches deterred progress in the nation’s fragile economy and unemployment. Ford and Carter tackled the perplexing economic issues of the decade, an issue that economists at the time couldn’t even solve. Ford decided to tackle inflation first. His â€Å"WIN† plan (Whip Inflation Now† called for an increase in taxes and a reduction of federal spending. To promote this plan, he called for the production of pins with â€Å"WIN† on them. This plan did not go well with Congress. Congress eventually passed a bill for a $22 billion tax cut, but it increased government spending on government programs. Ford signed this bill to strive to ease tensions between Congress and himself. In 1975, Congress passed a Revenue Adjustment Act which called for a tax cut and a limit to future spending in the future. It served as a negotiation between the executive and the legislative branches. This was successful in helping inflation; however, unemployment conti nued to rise. Carter attempted to tackle unemployment first, unlike Ford. Although Carter’s economic decisions helped to reduce unemployment by stimulating the economy, he did not pass any legislation that specifically targeted unemployment. His personal conflict inShow MoreRelatedRichard Nixon Was The Last Liberal Era2168 Words   |  9 Pages It can be argued that Richard Nixon was the last liberal president and that his presidency ushered in a conservative era. Both of these arguments are true, however I believe it is more correct to say that his presidency marked a new conservative era. During his time in office, Nixon expanded Great Society legislation, created new and significant federal agencies, and his foreign policy with communism emphasized dà ©tente. However, he did not always agree with the liberal ideologies that he was implementingRead MoreThe White House Chief Of Staff1047 Words   |  5 PagesHouse Chief of Staff is as complex as it is elusive. The WHCS ov ersees high-level White House staffing, who is allowed to speak with the President directly, handles the President’s schedule, is a confidant and advisor to the President, handles what information the President receives, negotiates with multiple parties to push the political agenda of the President, and is essentially the President’s fixer (Cohen, D. B., Hult, K. M., Walcott, C. E., 2016). This role is appointed by the POTUS and requiresRead MoreVietnam War And The Second Indochina War2792 Words   |  12 Pagesdifficult for it to retain ideological influence among the populace, thus making Diem a doubly unpopular figurehead. Eisenhower s decision to maintain South Vietnam as a free state and to prevent elections made Truman s assistance to France pale in comparison. It literally turned what had once been a French colonial battle into an American imperialist war, as Eisenhower and his administration even failed to see that the unifying factor for the Vietnamese people was not a strong belief in communism soRead MorePresidential Vs. Congressional Campaigns1347 Words   |  6 Pagesfor governmental grants, programs, and so forth President can t: power is not local Congressional candidates can duck responsibility. I didn t do it; the people in Washington did! President is stuck with blame But local candidates can suffer when their leader s economic policies fail Benefit of presidential coattails has declined Congressional elections have become largely independent Reduces meaning (and importance) of party Running for president Getting mentioned Using reporters, trips, speechesRead MoreFord Motor Company: Supply Chain Management and Strategic Fit3663 Words   |  15 Pagesï » ¿Ford Motor Company Supply Chain Management and Strategic Fit University of Arkansas Fall Second Session 2011 Supply Chain Management for Operations Managers Written by: Albert Carter For: Instructor Nia Wright December 9, 2011 Abstract This report covers the performance of Ford Motor Company over the past 10 years and analyzes the results of its â€Å"One Ford† business plan. The main question this report answers is whether Ford’s resent actions match the supply chain strategy of theRead MoreHow Politics Should Be Viewed By Chris Matthews7512 Words   |  31 Pagesthe favors without permission, this would create a loyalty. Jimmy Carter was the best example from this rule because he was able to get his name out in pubic in order to gain a rise in popularity and assistance from others that lead him to securing the position to become president. Since Carter couldn’t rely on the Democratic Party, Carter was able to win the presidency by being able to gain help from the people themselves. Carter was able to gain help from the people by giving out these lettersRead MoreBill Clintons Health Care Plan5084 Words   |  21 PagesRoosevelt†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã ¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..3 2.4. Harry S. Truman†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..4 2.5. Medicare†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.5 2.6. The Medicare Legacy†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.5 2.7. Problems in the Work†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.5 2.8. Carter†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..6 2. The Heach Care Plan†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦7 3.9. Contemporary Problems†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦7 3.10. The plan†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.8 3.11. Element of the Plan†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..Read MoreThe Current Situation Of Oil2316 Words   |  10 Pagesresponsible for 60% of the oil production worldwide at the start of World War II, and it was followed by Russia and Venezuela. A few years later Saudi Arabia was found to have many quantities of oil and in 1943, due to the U.S concerns of oil scarcity, President Franklin Roosevelt declared Saudi Arabia a vital U.S source of oil production and established financial support. After this, Saudi Arabia became the world’s largest oil exporter with the biggest oil field in the world. In 1945, the U.S became aRead MoreDepression2810 Words   |  12 Pagesoccurred between 1929 and 1939. Although parts of the economy had begun to recover by 1936, high unemployment persisted until the Second World War. Background To Great Depression: * The 1920s witnessed an economic boom in the US (typified by Ford Motor cars, which made a car within the grasp of ordinary workers for the first time). Industrial output expanded very rapidly.   * Sales were often promoted through buying on credit. However, by early 1929, the steam had gone out of the economyRead More Bad Neighbor Policy: Washington?s futile war on drugs in Latin America?3153 Words   |  13 Pagesagainst drugs in United States. Carpenter, who is Vice President for Defence and Foreign Policy studies at the Cato Institute in Washington, gives clearly his negative opinion on what is for him the drug war failure. This â€Å"war† has for purpose to protect the American population against the drug scourge; however this war is mainly set in Latin America. In fact the United States war on drugs began with the entry of Richard Nixon as President in the White house. The year 1968 is marked by the will

Facilities Offered By ICT To The Travel Agencies - Free Samples

Question: Discuss About The Facilities Offered By ICT To The Travel Agencies? Answer: Introduction ICT is the financial effective tool which can offer valuable services to the tour and travel companies as well as their customers. The report will highlight all the facility aspects of ICT in details. The use, facilities offered by ICT to the business operations of the travel agencies ICT has the potential to embellish the productivity of any organisation in large scale and the organisation can stay ahead of all its customers. ICT can facilitate the tourism industry by the following means- Travel agencies websites- The customers can get a clear view of the hotel, the rooms and can be aware of the accommodation facilities, the customers can know the hotel rents and the various luxury facilities provided by the hotels (Hiramatsu et al., 2016). They can even connect with the hotel representatives chatting online with them on their website. Travel destination- The customers can get a clear view of destination with the help of ICT (Zaidan, 2017). The customers can know the boundaries of the preferred location, the communities stayed over there, water and economy power source utilities- whether they are available in the place they want to visit, the customers can see the 3D view of the desired destination which can help the customers to know every detail of the place. Travel agencies apps- The travel and tourism companies utilising ICT properly have developed applications to stay connected with the customers all throughout day and night 24x7. The tourism companies are focusing on developing Android and iOS apps, so now the customers can book hotels online, can communicate with the hotel representatives all the time to solve their queries (Boes, Buhalis Inversini, 2016). Even the tourism companies can arrange transportation facilities like plane booking, train booking to provide hassle free services to the customers, in this way the tourism earn revenues from the transport facilitators and the customers, on the other hand, can get the transportation facility at much lower price. Travel agencies further facilities- ICT can help the companies to set up wireless internet connection, install smart digital television inside the hotels, all these can make the travellers journey more pleasurable (Hiramatsu et al., 2016). Best deals and hotels- The travel and tourism intermediaries provide the facilities to the customers to choose best hotels with the help of hotel star ratings and customers feedback (Bystrowska, Wigger Liggett, 2017). ICT definitely can help customers to know the best hotels available in the desired location with the help of those star ratings and customers feedback who have gone to these hotels earlier. Conclusion It can be concluded from the above discourse that ICT have lots to offer. It can help the customers to view their desired location online, can book hotels online, can know the best deals offered by the travel and tourism companies, can get the transportation facilities online too and all these facilities are available via ICT. References Boes, K., Buhalis, D., Inversini, A. (2016). Smart tourism destinations: ecosystems for tourism destination competitiveness.International Journal of Tourism Cities,2(2), 108-124. Bystrowska, M., Wigger, K., Liggett, D. (2017). The Use of Information management Communication Technology (ICT) in Managing High Arctic Tourism Sites: A Collective Action Perspective.Resources,6(3), 33. Hiramatsu, y., Sato, f., Ito, a., Hatano, h., Fujii, m., Watanabe, y., Sasaki, a. (2016). A New Model for Providing Tourism Information for Traditional Cultural Sites through ICT.Nature,8(810), 189. Zaidan, E. (2017). Analysis of ICT usage patterns, benefits and barriers in tourism SMEs in the Middle Eastern countries: The case of Dubai in UAE.Journal of Vacation Marketing,23(3), 248-263.

Outcome and Session Evaluation in Psychotherapy

Introduction Human beings have been experiencing numerous challenges in the course of life for a considerably long period of time now. Different intervention strategies have been employed in order to counter the problems with an attempt to solve them amicably.Advertising We will write a custom thesis sample on Outcome and Session Evaluation in Psychotherapy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Many psychological researchers have made attempts to explore the possibility of enhancing the effectiveness of handling the challenges experienced in life. Psychotherapy is one of the most focused upon field by the scientists in the recent past. It is a process employed by a psychotherapist when attending to the clients. Psychotherapy involves interpersonal counseling sessions where the psychotherapist and the client interact closely with an aim of aiding the patient overcome the problems associated with life. The primary focus of most intervent ion measures is to help the client enhance the feeling of self-worth and hence promote their well-being for a better living. Psychotherapy can be defined as a process geared towards the relief of distressing or a challenge in an individual by someone else, using a predetermined approach from a given theory or paradigm, and the psychotherapist must have some professional training as far as offering the services is concerned (Plante, 1998). A ray of techniques are employed by the psychotherapists depending on the relationship built from experience, dialogue, and continued interaction. Other strategies including promoting communication and the emphasis on the need for a behavior change with an aim of improving the client’s psychological health as well as the need to improve relationships among groups, for instance among members of family. Psychotherapy is such a broad field that it can be practiced by different professionals and practitioners with varying qualifications.Advertis ing Looking for thesis on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More For instance, it can be performed by psychiatrists, clinical psychologists, counseling psychologists, rehabilitation counselors, music therapists, mental health counselors, clinical social workers, marriage and family therapists, occupational therapists, psychiatric nurses, and psychoanalysts (Plante, 1998). Given the broadness of psychotherapy, it has the capacity to assert itself as a profession on its own. There are several forms of psychotherapy but most of them use spoken means for exchanging information. Other forms of communication include; the written word, drama, narratives, music, story telling, and the use of art. Psychotherapy is normally conducted in a structured environment between a trained psychotherapist and the client(s). Over a long period of time now, psychotherapy has always been conducted in response to either different clinically diagn osable problems or non-specified mental expressions in human beings resulting from crises in life. Some therapeutic involvements are modeled to attend to clients in the symptom-based approach. However, most interventions by psychotherapists do not employ the medical model when attending to their client(s). Clients, therefore, respond differently to all the various approaches and greatly determine whether they are satisfied by the services offered or not. The need to find out client satisfaction after a session in psychotherapy has been at the center of many researches for the past two decades. Virtually all therapeutic encounters involve the discussion of very sensitive as well as strictly personal issues with the client. As a result, psychotherapists are often bound legally to observe confidentiality as far as sharing client’s information is concerned. The techniques employed in measuring client’s satisfaction have not been as effective as they should be. This paper s eeks to focus on the outcomes and session evaluation in psychotherapy. It will discuss and review existing research, the contributing factors, and propose direction towards achieving better treatment in psychotherapy in order to ensure client satisfaction.Advertising We will write a custom thesis sample on Outcome and Session Evaluation in Psychotherapy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Although there exists a number of research findings concerning client satisfaction in psychotherapy, advanced and thorough research in session evaluation in psychotherapeutic satisfaction as well as proposals for enhancing the effectiveness of therapeutic interventions need to be conducted. Literature Review Researchers have made significant progress in an attempt to enhance the quality of services offered to the client by psychotherapists. Analyses of outcome and evaluation of client satisfaction from psychotherapeutic sessions by researchers have been done with an aim of drawing meaningful conclusions for improving the various intervention approaches. As much as there are a number of research findings and conclusions, so are the numbers of unaddressed deficiencies in enhancing the effectiveness of psychotherapeutic interventions. This section seeks to focus on the works done by six researchers that will highlight the need for conducting a project for my stated thesis. In a journal article by Laszloffy (2000), research findings to investigate the implications of client satisfaction feedback for fresh family therapists are discussed. In the study, the researcher integrated the client’s perspective on session satisfaction as opposed to the traditional pattern by researchers to ignore this aspect and relying only on therapist’s perspective. Client-satisfaction ratings of therapy sessions were solely used to assess outcome and to select sample. The rating scale was designed such that the client rated the outcome of a given therapy as either â€Å"extremely satisfying† or â€Å"extremely dissatisfying†. The client sample was collected from a degree-granting marital and family therapy (MFT) training program in the United States. It involved separate phone interviews with the therapists and clients within 1-2 months following the termination of the case. All the participants were informed about the project and they participated voluntarily by signing a consent form. Audio-taped interviews were conducted by 8 MFT master’s students.Advertising Looking for thesis on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The researcher investigated two closed-ended questions: â€Å"Were there any changes in presenting problem (yes or no)?† and â€Å"Please rate how satisfied/dissatisfied you are with the therapy you received/provided (on a 7-point Likert scale).† The following open-ended questions were also asked: â€Å"What was particularly good about the therapeutic experience?† â€Å"What was particularly not good about the therapeutic experience?† and â€Å"How would you describe your relationship with your therapist/clients?† The results from the sample were analyzed in terms of what was regarded as good and not good about therapy experience as well as the perception associated with the client-therapist relationship (Laszloffy, 2000). The research question that the analyst used to find out the themes linked to the divergent outcomes was: What specific factors/themes appear to be linked to clients’ overall satisfaction or dissatisfaction with the therapy experience (i.e., therapeutic outcome)?† This research question is in tandem with my thesis where deeper factors contributing to client satisfaction/dissatisfaction need to be investigated. According to the research findings, a number of inherent themes were established. Most clients were positive with their relationship with their therapists. Those who were positive reported that they felt connected. For the therapists, language barrier hindered their desire to develop positive relationship with their clients, but no hostility was implied by those who were extremely dissatisfied. Differences in the levels of client satisfaction were also found to originate from the varying definition of therapeutic goals. The conclusion drawn indicated that clients and the therapists had remarkable congruent perceptions of the therapy experience (Laszloffy, 2000). This supports the thesis in that some important contributing factors were identified as determining client satisfaction in therap y sessions. However, the sample used was very small and specific such that no generalizations can be made about the conclusions reached. The absence of a dialectical data-gathering method similar to qualitative research may have interfered with the results and hence validity of the conclusions. Another research by Simmons and Doherty (1998) focused around the same topic of investigation. The author addressed the question of whether academic training backgrounds make any difference among practicing marriage and family therapists and the client’s satisfaction. The study investigated members of the American Association for Marriage and Family Therapy with academic training in psychology, social work, counseling, and marriage and family therapy by comparing their performance on a wide range of clinical practice variables, and their clients were surveyed as far as their satisfaction and outcomes were concerned. The findings showed highly similar practice patterns and client outcom es across all four disciplinary groups. Just like the findings by Laszloffy (2000), this research sought to explore the role that educational training background may have on client satisfaction. The research concluded that professional discipline does not make any meaningful difference in the outcomes of psychotherapy. The findings of the study, however, cannot be generalized outside the members of the American Association for Marriage and Family Therapy although the 33% response rate raises even further doubts. Also, the role of ethnicity and race was not properly taken into account since the therapists and the clients were 96.6% European American and the report identified this as a limitation (Simmons Doherty, 1998). Hence, it is consistent with my thesis statement that further research into factors affecting client outcome in psychotherapy sessions is needed. An earlier research by Howard, Moras, Brill, Martinovich, and Lutz (1996), investigated the comparative efficacy and effe ctiveness of clinical interventions, aggregated over groups of patients. They advocated the monitoring of a patient’s progress over the course of treatment. The research concluded that despite the accumulation of evidence showing that psychotherapeutic interventions are efficacious and effective for mental health problems, the provision of such treatments is faced with major challenges. The concern raised here will be captured in the project that I intend to pursue in relation to the thesis statement. In an attempt to predict the evaluation of psychotherapy sessions, just as is mentioned in the thesis above, Eugster and Wampold (1996) conducted a research using 114 therapists and 119 patients. They used the Comparative Scale of Psychotherapy Session Constructs designed to measure 9 process variables and how they are related to the session evaluation from the therapists’ and patients’ perspectives. The findings revealed significant difference between the session evaluations for the two groups. Therapist expertness predicted therapist session evaluation while therapist real relationship predicted the patient session evaluation (Eugster Wampold, 1996). The study findings also showed that there are both similarities and significant differences in how patients as well as therapists evaluate psychotherapy sessions. The research had its own limitations. The participating therapists were from a small group of experts; hence, the findings could not be generalized. Furthermore, the research sought to explore the overall systematic differences between therapists and patients and not on individual basis. The project to be pursued will scale down its perspective to focus on the individual dyads. A recent research which was conducted by Reese, Norsworthy, and Rowlands (2009) sought to explore and attempt to solve the question of whether continuous feedback system does improve psychotherapy outcome. The authors hypothesized that the use of outcome data on a continuous basis to monitor treatment progress plays a role in enhancing psychotherapy outcome. The research findings indicated that those patients who used the Partners for Change Outcome Management System (PCOMS) demonstrated significant treatment progress compared to those who did receive treatment usually (Reese et al., 2009). Furthermore, the findings revealed that the clients who use PCOMS experienced reliable change and within fewer sessions. Also, it was established that fewer premature termination of treatment was reported by the clients who used PCOMS. The researchers assessed the result using statistical calculations. The use of the system proved to be a major limitation in this study. Moreover, the study was not consistent since a significant number of clients had no data, meaning they did not participate fully in the study and thus the conclusions may be invalid, to some degree. More appropriate techniques of collecting data and ensuring that there is full particip ation of the clients in the project to evaluate patient satisfaction will be prioritized in my project. Hollon and Dimidjian (2010) conducted the latest research to find out if there were any harmful effects of psychotherapy. The researchers hypothesized that patients can be harmed by treatment or by decisions that are made about those treatments. They were motivated by numerous cases of the harmful effects of psychotherapy which has been established through research that the scope could be broader than is thought. The article defines several ways in which treatment can cause harm to patients. The factors that hinder the detection of the harm have also been discussed. The data was collected through randomized clinical trials. Their desire was to highlight the impact of psychotherapy itself (Hollon Dimidjian, 2010). This could actually be a significant factor that affects session satisfaction in psychotherapy which the project seeks to investigate. Conclusion From the above research findings by various investigators, it is evident that quite a number of studies have been conducted around the field of psychotherapy and client satisfaction. Conducting a deeper research that will build on the challenges experienced by earlier researchers is therefore justified. We can therefore conclude that despite the fact that there exists a number of research findings concerning client satisfaction in psychotherapy, advanced and thorough research in session evaluation in psychotherapeutic satisfaction as well as proposals for enhancing the effectiveness of therapeutic interventions need to be conducted. References Eugster, S. L. Wampold, B. E. (1996). Systematic effects of participant role on evaluation of the psychotherapy session. Journal of Consulting and Clinical  Psychology. 64 (5), 1020-1028 Hollon, S. D. Dimidjian, S. (2010). How would we know if psychotherapy were harmful? Journal of American Psychological Association. 19-32. Howard, K. I., Moras, K., Brill, P. L., Martinovich, Z., Lutz, W. (1996). Evaluation of psychotherapy: efficacy, effectiveness, and patient progress. American  Psychological Association. 51 (10), 1059-1064 Laszloffy, T. A. (2000). The implications of client satisfaction feedback for beginning family therapists: back to the basics. Journal of Marital and Family therapy. 26 (3), 391-397 Plante, T. G. (1998). Measuring treatment outcome and client satisfaction among children and families: A case report. [Peer Reviewed Journal Article]. Journal of  Professional Psychology. 29 (1), 52-55 Reese, R. J., Norsworthy, L. A., Rowlands, S. R. (2009). Does a continuous feedback system improve psychotherapy outcome? Journal of American  Psychological Association. 46 (4), 418-431 Simmons, D. S. Doherty, W. J. (1998). Does academic training background make a difference among practicing marriage and family therapists? Journal of Marital  and Family Therapy. 24 (3), 321-336 This thesis on Outcome and Session Evaluation in Psychotherapy was written and submitted by user Annabella Turner to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.